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In Section 4, I will explain the parallel from a conceptual perspective and suggest that group agency can be interpreted as a special case of artificial intelligence. In Sections 2 and 3, I will introduce group agency and artificial intelligence in more detail. Are corporate and artificial entities proper targets for the attribution of responsibility? Could they be moral agents, not just intentional ones? Could they engage in normative reasoning? Could they attain some kind of legal personhood status and have certain rights? Might we even have to care about them? If such non-human agents can make high-stakes decisions and perform actions on their own, we must answer some salient moral and regulatory questions, which are surprisingly similar in the corporate and artificial cases. In brief, the parallel lies in the fact that group agency and artificial intelligence each involve entities distinct from individual human beings that qualify as intentional agents, capable of acting more or less autonomously in pursuit of certain goals and making a difference to the social world. But the parallel nonetheless warrants further discussion. The parallel has been recognized before, for instance in philosophical work by Migle Laukyte and in legal work by Lawrence Solum, and there is also much interest among artificial-intelligence researchers in the theme of multi-agent systems. In particular, the established work on group agency offers a useful template for thinking through some of the moral and regulatory challenges raised by artificial intelligence. For any theorist of group agency, there is a noticeable parallel between them, and the aim of this exploratory paper is to review and discuss this parallel and to draw attention to some lessons for ethics and artificial intelligence that can be learnt from it.

But while group agency and artificial intelligence have each received much attention, the two phenomena are less often considered together. Footnote 2 Examples range from driverless cars and self-navigating drones to autonomous systems in medical, financial, military, and other high-stakes settings.

Footnote 1 The second consists in the fact that computational or robotic systems increasingly display autonomous behaviours and cognitive and practical capacities similar in some respects to those traditionally associated with humans. The first consists in the fact that certain organized collectives, such as corporations, courts, and states, can function as intentional, goal-directed agents in their own right, over and above their individual members, often with considerable power and influence in the world. Group agency and artificial intelligence are two much discussed phenomena. I will finally raise the possibility that if artificial systems ever became phenomenally conscious, there might be a case for extending a stronger moral status to them, but argue that, as of now, this remains very hypothetical.

I will further suggest that regulators should permit the use of autonomous artificial systems in high-stakes settings only if they are engineered to function as moral (not just intentional) agents and/or there is some liability-transfer arrangement in place. Are humans always responsible for those entities’ actions, or could the entities bear responsibility themselves? Could the entities engage in normative reasoning? Could they even have rights and a moral status? I will tentatively defend the (increasingly widely held) view that, under certain conditions, artificial intelligent systems, like corporate entities, might qualify as responsible moral agents and as holders of limited rights and legal personhood. As both phenomena involve non-human goal-directed agents that can make a difference to the social world, they raise some similar moral and regulatory challenges, which require us to rethink some of our anthropocentric moral assumptions. The aim of this exploratory paper is to review an under-appreciated parallel between group agency and artificial intelligence.

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